Ethics in Business

One of the most important attributes for small business success, is the distinguishing quality of practicing admirable business ethics. Business ethics, practiced throughout the deepest layers of a company, become the heart and soul of the company's culture and can mean the difference between success and failure.
"If you have integrity, nothing else matters. If you don't have integrity, nothing else matters." -- Alan K. Simpson

What are Ethics?

Ethics are norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about our behavior and our relationship with others.  Business should guide. As other social organization, all parties in business should exhibit ethical behavior.

General Business Ethics :

Business Ethics is guided by its corporate vision. For a non-profit organization, social welfare should come first than financial interest, for a corporate, first should consider the returns to its shareholders than social welfare. It differs as the aspect change. Every corporate should have a minimum level of social responsibility, though it’s a matter of debate to identify the share of support. Business also has to set a policy how it will behave to its rivals. How it will attack or counter - attack in the competition. Business also set a behavioral instruction about how it will try to influence the political environment to its favor.

Benefits of Practicing Business Ethics

In the research study, "Does Business Ethics Pay?" by The Institute of Business Ethics (IBE), it was found that companies displaying a "clear commitment to ethical conduct" consistently outperform companies that do not display ethical conduct. The Director of IBE, Philippa Foster Black, stated: "Not only is ethical behaviour in business life the right thing to do in principle, we have shown that it pays off in financial returns." These findings deserve to be considered as an important insight for companies striving for long-term success and growth.

Beside these, almost every aspect of the business have ethical guideline to follow. 

1.         Ethics of accounting information

·           Accounting should always follow GAAP [Generally Accepted Accounting Principal]. -Creative accounting or any misleading financial analysis should be prohibited. Corporate - CEO and Top management should not get excessive payments, as it directly concern with the shareholders interest.

·           Bribery and other unethical activities should be prohibited as those have direct bad effect on society.

2.         Ethics of human resource management

·           HR department should not discrimination on the bases of age (ageism), gender, race, religion, disabilities, weight and attractiveness.

·           HR department should maintain a standard environment in workplace and should ensure the safety of the workers.

3.         Ethics of sales and marketing

·           Organization should not practice unethical behavior like spam marketing, price fixing by the group of sellers, offensive advertising, sex in advertising, marketing in school, black markets, grey markets, etc. 

4.          Ethics of production

·           In production, several ethical issues should be considered. Organization should not produce defective product for getting higher profit margin. 

·           Production unit must consider environmental issues arise while production,

·           While testing a product, it should not violate the any law or rights. E.g. animal rights.

5.         Ethics of intellectual property, knowledge and skills

·           All patent and copyright should be followed.

·           While doing survey on the competition, no ethical values should violate.

7 Principles of Admirable Business Ethics

1.         Be Trustful: Recognize customers want to do business with a company they can trust; when trust is at the core of a company, it's easy to recognize. Trust defined, is assured reliance on the character, ability, strength, and truth of a business.

2.         Keep An Open Mind: For continuous improvement of a company, the leader of an organization must be open to new ideas. Ask for opinions and feedback from both customers and team members and your company will continue to grow.

3.         Meet Obligations: Regardless of the circumstances, do everything in your power to gain the trust of past customer's and clients, particularly if something has gone awry. Reclaim any lost business by honoring all commitments and obligations.

4.         Have Clear Documents: Re-evaluate all print materials including small business advertising, brochures, and other business documents making sure they are clear, precise and professional. Most important, make sure they do not misrepresent or misinterpret.

5.         Become Community Involved: Remain involved in community-related issues and activities, thereby demonstrating that your business is a responsible community contributor. In other words, stay involved.

6.         Maintain Accounting Control: Take a hands-on approach to accounting and record keeping, not only as a means of gaining a better feel for the progress of your company, but as a resource for any "questionable " activities. Gaining control of accounting and record keeping allows you to end any dubious activities promptly.

7.         Be Respectful: Treat others with the utmost of respect. Regardless of differences, positions, titles, ages, or other types of distinctions, always treat others with professional respect and courtesy.

Recognizing the significance of business ethics as a tool for achieving your desired outcome is only the beginning. A small business that instills a deep-seated theme of business ethics within its strategies and policies will be evident among customers. It's overall influence will lead to a profitable, successful company. By recognizing the value of practicing admirable business ethics, and following each of the 7 principles, your success will not be far off.

TUGAS EXERCISE HAL 155-183

Exercise 1 page 157 

I   1. My best friend always helpful with problems.
C 2. The bus schedule has changed since last week.

I   3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.
C 4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.

C 5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students.

C 6. Each day practiced the piano for hours.

C 7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop.

C 8. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.

I   9. Walking with the children to school.

I 10. The whales headed south for the winter.

Exercise 2 page 158

C  1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack.

I   2. By the next meeting of class need to turn in the papers.

I   3. The directions to the exercise on page twenty unclear.

I   4. Because of the heavy rain throught the night, the walkways are muddy.

I   5. During the week eat lunch in the school cafetaria.

I   6. In the morning after the concert was tired.

C 7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our favorite trip.

I   8. In a box on the top shelf of the cabinet in the hallway of the house.

I   9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door.

C 10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table beside bed rang.

Exercise (skill 1-2) page 158

C  1. During the meeting in the office discussed the schedule.

I   2. The doctor gave the patient a prescription.

I   3. The tall evergreen trees along the road.

C  4. The watch in the jewelry box needs a new battery.

C  5. Pleasantly greets everyone in all the offices every morning.

I   6. In the office of the building across the street from the park on the corner.

C 7. The dishes in the sink really need to be washed as soon as possible.

I   8. In a moment of worry about the problem with the cash in the account.

I   9. The plane from New York circling the airport.

C 10. On a regular basis the plants in the boxes under the window in the kitchenare

watered and fest. 

Toefl Exercise (Skill 1-2) page 159

1. Mark Twain called the years after the Civil War the “Gilded Age.”
2. Early horses had toes instead of hooves on their feet.
3. Tundra plants grow close to the ground in the short Artic summer.
4. In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million.
5. Between 1725 and 1750, New England witnessed an increase in the specialization of occupations.
6. The large carotid artery carrying blood to the main parts of the brain.
7. Marconi developed radio as the first partical system of wireless telegraphy.
8. In 1975, the first succesful space probe to venus was beginning to send information back to Earth.
9. The two biggest resort towns in Arkansas are Hot Spring and Eureka Spring.
10. NASA’s Lyndon B.Johnson Space Center was the control center for theMercury, Gemini, and Appolo space flights.

Exercise 3 page 161

C 1. The crying baby needs to be picked up

I  2. The clothes are lying on the floor should go into the washing machine.

I  3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.

C 4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line.

C 5. For her brithday, the child is getting a talking doll.

C 6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky.

I  7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight.

C 8. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk.

I  9. The boring class just ending a few minutes ago.

I 10. The fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area. 

Exercise 4 page 162

I  1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious.

C 2. The plane landed on the deserted runway.

I  3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime.

I  4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses.

I  5. The teacher found the lost exam.

I  6. The small apartement very crowded and disorganized.

I  7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends.

I  8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels.

I  9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs.

I 10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.

Exercise (Skill 3-4) page 163

C  1. Our hosts are serving drinks on the tiled patio.

I   2. The tired woman taking a much-needed nap.

C  3. The letters were sent on Monday arrived on Wednesday.

I   4. The winners deserved the big prize.

C  5. The plants are growing in the garden need a lot of water.

I   6. The shining stars lit up the darkened sky.

I   7. The driver rapidly increased the speed of the racing car.

I   8. The excited children trying to build a snowman in the falling snow.

C  9. The students are completing the course will graduate in June.

C 10. The dissatisfied customer is returning the broken toaster to the store.

Toefl Exercise (Skill 3-4) page163 
1. The first flowering plants appeared during the last period of the dinosaurs’ reign. 
2. The earliest medicines were obtained from plants of various sorts. 
3. Simple sails were made from canvas stretched over a frame. 
4. Pluto’s moon Charon is moving in a slightly elliptical path around the planet. 
5. Technique of breath control form an essential part of any training program to improve the voice. 
6. Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to General Grant in 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse. 
7. The pituitary gland, found below the brain, releases hormones to control other glands. 
8. At around two years of age, many children regularly produce sentencescontaining three or four words. 
9. Multinational companies are finding it increasingly important to employ internasionally acceptable brand names. 
10. The cornea is located under the conjunctiva, on the exposed part of the eye.

Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-4) page 164 
1. The Polynesians arrived first settled the Hawaiian Islands between A.D. 300 and 750. 

     2.  In 1066, a bright comet was appearing in the sky attracted much attention. 

     3.  In some daguerreotype cameras, from the view of the object through a hole in the back of the box. 

     4.  In the Stone Age, stone tools were polished with other rock materials. 

     5.  The first steamship to cross the Atlantic was the Savannah, in 1819. 

     6.  The Earth’s plates meet each other at crack in the Earth were called faults. 

     7.  The first plant-like organisms probably lived in the sea, perhaps three billion years ago. 

     8.  In male pattern baldness, heredity has strongly influences the degree of hair loss. 

     9.  In Watch the Skies, Curtis Peebles makes a fascinating attempt to explain America’s belief in flying saucers. 

    10. The irregular coastline of Massachusetts is a succession of bays and inlets, with the hook of the Cape Cad peninsula in the southeast.

Exercise 5 page 166

C  1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown.

I   2. The book was not long, but it difficult to read.

I   3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping.

C  4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together.

I   5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.

C  6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will turned off.

C  7. The furnance broke so the house got quite cold.

C  8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed excellent.

C  9. The leaves kept falling off the trees, and the boys kept ranking them up, butthe yard

was still covered.

C 10. The postman has already delivered the mail, so the letter is not going to arrive today, it

probably will arrive tomorrow.

Exercise 6 page 168

C  1. After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main runway.

I   2. The registration process took many hours since the lines so long.

C  3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects.

C  4. The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town.

I   5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not.

C  6. Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma filled the kitchen.

C  7. Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family moved into the new

house.

I   8. Although the area is a desert many plants bloom there in the springtime.

C 9. The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was falling

heavily because they did not want to have an accident.

I 10. If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much better timebecause

the small details will not cause problems.

Exercise (Skills 5-6) page 169

C   1. The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client was still found guilty.

C   2. After the children read some stories before they went to bed.

I    3. The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every night for a week.

C   4. If you do not turn on the lights, you will trip in the dark.

C   5. A thick fog came rolling in, so planes unable to land.

C   6. All of the shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.

C   7. The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not on board.

C   8. The outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due, and must

approve it.

I    9. Because the food was cold when it was served the diners sent it back to the kitchen.

C 10. You should slow down while you are driving, or the police will pull your car over.

Toefl Exercise (Skills 5-6) page 169

1. A spacecraft is freed from friction after it is launched into space.
2. Because lobsters blend with their surroundings, or they hide in crevices for protection.
3. While the shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint, the elbow is a simple hinge joint.
4. A car has several section with moving parts, good lubrication of those parts is essential.
5. Bears cannot see well because they have small eyes.
6. A land bridge existed at the Isthmus of Panama, so animals were able to migrate between North and South America.
7. The Empire State Building mostly made of granite, it also contains some human-made materials.
8. Pressure differences make the eardrum vibrate as sound waves enter the ear.
9. An optical microscope magnifies as much as 2,000 times, but an electron microscope can magnify as much as a million times.
10. If scientific estimates are accurate, the Canon Diablo meteorite collidedwith the Earth about 20,000 years ago.

Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-6) page 170

1. The economic activity of the Pueblo Indians centered on intensive agriculture.
2. In popular terminology, any long snowstorm with a large amount of wind is called a blizzard.
3. Nuclear power can be produced by fusion, it can also be produced by fission.
4. If the temperature is high, igneous rocks may be changed into gneisses.
5. In 1905, Henry Flagler announced his plans to extend his Florida East Coast Railway out across the sea to Key West.
6. The sound comes from a vibrating object will be high or low depending on the number of vibrations.
7. During the late 1880s, urban streetcars were electrified through the use oflarge motors.
8. Biscayne National Park encompasses almost 274 square miles, but 96 percent of the park is under water.
9. Legislation was passed in 1916 and 1917 gave the Wilson administration authority to intervene in the national economy if it proved necessary.
10. Because a family of birds set up housekeeping in Joel Chandler Harris’s mailbox when the birds were in need of a place to stay, so the home was named the Wren’s Nest.

Exercise 7 page 172

C 1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.

I 2. She told me when should pick her up.

C 3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab located.

C 4. We could not belive what he did to us.

I 5. Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow?

C 6. We never know whether we will get paid or not.

I 7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do.

I 8. The manager explained how wanted the work done.

C 9. The map showed where the party would be held.

I 10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today?

Exercise 8 page 174

C 1. The teacher heard who answered the question.

I 2. I do not understand what it went wrong.

I 3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best.

I 4. She did not remember who in her class.

I 5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building.

I 6. We found out which was her favorite type of candy.

C 7. Do you know what caused the plants to die?

C 8. I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program.

C 9. We thought about who would be the best vice president.

I 10. She saw what in the box in the closet.

Exercise (Skills 7-8) page 174

I 1. It doubtful whether he will pass the test or not.

C 2. The group discussed who he should receive the prize.

C 3. It is not certain why the class was cancelled.

I 4. I will do what does it need to be done.

I 5. We forgot when did the movie start.

C 6. I would like to ask if you could come over for dinner this weekend.

C 7. The children knew which the best game to play.

C 8. The advison informed her that needed to add another class.

C 9. He saw who took the money.

C 10. It is unclear how the window got broken.

Toefl Exercise (Skills 7-8) page 175

1. Today the true story of what happened at Little Bignorn remains a mystery.
2. For more than a decade, bird-watchers have warned that certain species are becoming scarce.
3. Early in the eighteenth century, Halley accurately predicted when the cometof 1682 would return.
4. No single factor explains why aging has an effect vary so greatly among individuals.
5. Back of clarity about who will lead the party in the coming year will be removed at the party’s convention.
6. We do not know whether the bow drill was first developed for woodworking or fire making.
7. Minute man National Historical Park is a monument to where the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
8. Test on the colors of cars were conducate at the Universitas of California to determine which the safest colors for cars.
9. The National Institute of Dental Research estimates for school children in fluoridated areas have about 25 percent less tooth decay than children elsewhere.
10. The process of photosynthesis explains how with green plants are able to use the energy in sunlight to manufacture foods from the simple chemicals in air and water.

Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-8) page 176

1. Air near the equator has a faster west-to-east motion than air farther from the equator.
2. About 4000 B.C., humans discovered that metals could be obtained from special rocks called ores.
3. DNA degrades quickly after an animal dies.
4. Improvement acrodynamic design has contributed a major part in reancing resistance to motion.
5. The southern part of Florida is much warmer in the winter than the northern part, so more touring flocking tourists to the south.
6. The Moon’s gravity pulls water on the near side of the Earth toward the Moon, and this is what causing tides to occur.
7. As glaciers move, they pick up fragments of rock which become frozen into the base of the ice.
8. The tape measure first evoled from the measuring chains used by the Egyptians.
9. A typical Atlantic hurricane starts as a low pressure system near Africa coast.
10. It is not clear whether the subdivisions of the neocortex individual units.

Exercise 9 page 178

C 1. I did not believe the story that he told me.

I 2. Ms. Brown whom did you recommend for the job, will start work tomorrow.

C 3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written.

C 4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom you recommended.

C 5. The phone number that you gave me.

I 6. She is able to solve all the problem which did she cause.

I 7. The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned.

I 8. Next week I am going to visit my cousin, whom have not seen in several years.

I 9. Did you forget the promise whom you made?

I 10. The teacher whom the student like the most is their history teacher.

Exercise 10 page 180

C 1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick.

I 2. I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election.

C 3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor.

C 4. I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective.

I 5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own the building on Mapel Street.

C 6. She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:00.

C 7. Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday will fail the class.

I 8. The people which came in late had to sit at back.

I 9. The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements they are difficult.

C 10. After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living down the street.

Exercise (Skills 9-10) page 181

C 1. My sister prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves.

C 2. The boat that hit the underwater rock sank.

C 3. The car which he was driving could not possibly be his.

I 4. The children built a house in the tree that in the backyard.

I 5. The cost of the trip which we wanted to take.

C 6. The children are playing with the toys which their mother told them to putaway.

C 7. The guests who were seated around the dinner table.

C 8. The students have to read all the chapter which are on the test.

I    9. I really do not like the artist which you like.

C 10. The stones that they were set in the ring were quite valuable.

Toefl Exercise (Skills 9-10) page 181

1. Modern humans, who first appeared about 600,000 years ago, were called Homo sapiens.
2. The first writing has evidence of is on Mesopotamian clay tablets.
3. Succulents are drought-resistant plants which store water in fleshy tissue.
4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom most people know as Jack Benny, was a famous comedian in vaudeville and on radio and televisoion.
5. Dinosaurus are known that hunted other animals tended to have very narrow, sharp, curved claws.
6. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses for the aged who had becomefarsighted.
7. Chimney Rock, which stands 500 feet above the North Platte River, Has eroded considerably in the last two centuries.
8. It changes hormones that accompany recurring bouts of severe depression reduce bone denisty.
9. Willa Cather is an author the praise of readers for her evocative and memorable vision of frontier prairie life.
10. Mars’s tiny moon Phobos is small mountain of rock that was probably captured from the asteroid belt by Mars’s gravitational pult.

Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-10) page 182

1. Annapolis is famous as the home of the United State Naval Academy.
2. Some scientists think that pluto might not be a planet but a moon of Neptune.
3. With the appearance of sophisticated oil lamps, elaborate tools were made to cut the wicks.
4. Fort Union was the site of what the principal fur-trading post on the upper Missouri River.
5. Since the face of the movie commercial risk, it has to appeal to a large audience to justify its cost.
6. A current of water known as the Gulf Stream comes up from the Gulf of Mexico, and then it crosses the North Atlantic toward Europe.
7. Systems using the two symbols 0 and 1 are called binary number systems.
8. Genes, which the blueprints for cell construction, exist in hightly organized packages called chromosomes.
9. The Earth’s atmosphere consists of gases hold in place arround the Earth by the gravitational pull of the planet.
10. Oscar Hammerstein II collaborated with a number of composers including Jerome Kern, whom was joined in writing the musical Show Boat.